3.3 Karierna orientacija in podpora

Raziskava, izvedena na Nizozemskem, je pokazala, da se z enim letom intenzivnega usmerjanja osip verjetno zmanjša za več kot 40 % in družbi prinese čisto korist. Ciljna skupina dijakov je bila splošna populacija dijakov, ki začenjajo srednje poklicno izobraževanje. Rezultati kažejo, da se največje izboljšave dosežejo v prvem letu usmerjanja, učinki pa so največji pri dijakih, pri katerih je večja predhodna verjetnost osipa. Primeri usmerjanja so izboljšanje učnih tehnik (npr. načrtovanje in organiziranje), svetovanje v primeru osebnih težav in stik s starši. Učinkoviti so bili tako izvedeni preventivni (pred osipom) kot kurativni ukrepi (med osipniki), skupaj pa so precej znižali stopnjo osipa.

The Danish Production schools were created in the 1980s with the aim of combating youth unemployment. Production Schools offer alternative education opportunities to improve labour market integration. The fundamental aim of this type of school is to create a practical learning environment to support young people to complete and earn qualifications in general and vocational upper secondary education and/or maintain a job. The students are offered the opportunity to develop professional, social and personal skills through counselling, participation in practical work experience and production in different workshops ranging from areas such as metalwork, carpentry and textile work in theatre, media and music-based workshops. The focus is on social, personal and physical skills which are complemented by more formal knowledge and skills. Learning processes are organised through workshops and classroom teaching, but every young person is free to organise an individual course where they may challenge themselves and build their confidence.
The most significant challenge for production schools is to prepare and motivate “non-academic” students for the ordinary school system. The last legislative change in 2006focused the aims of Production Schools so that its most important task has been to build a bridge to vocational education and training through relevant practical and academic qualifications. In 2009, there were over 6,000 students in production schools. The student capacity at each school can vary from 20-25 to over 200. Generally speaking the schools are small, with half of the schools accepting fewer than 50 students. Today there are 78 Production Schools in Denmark.

Učenci si lahko z dobro izbranimi šolskimi predmeti povečajo možnosti za prihodnji uspeh. Ta projekt starše in učence vključi v proces sprejemanja dobro premišljenih odločitev o šolskih predmetih. Zagotavlja informacije o flamskem izobraževalnem sistemu.

Guiding Cities joins policy makers and education stakeholders to map policy and guidance and create coherent policy to respond to the complex needs in the fight against ESL.

The project aimed to:
• Analyse guidance actions in 4 countries through country-based focus groups including stakeholders in education and guidance.
• Develop a Guiding Cities Model and Checklist mapping different possible actions, actors community needs relative to guidance and lifelong learning.
• Establish and manage Working Groups and a survey of best practices (involving at least 40 stakeholders).
• Publish online the GCities Model and links to resources and practices for each type of action and/or each target group. The GCities tools will be available in 6 languages (EN, ES, CAT, IT, EL, RO).
• Test the GCities Model and Checklist-benchmarking tools with at least 40 communities or organisations.
• Improve professional development of local service providers and school guidance practitioners.

InnoOmnia, in the city of Espoo, Finland, was founded in 2011. It is the first multi-sector vocational education centre in Finland where entrepreneurs may run their businesses jointly with students and teachers. Work and vocational education are part of a blended learning approach. One of the key aims of the programme is to improve the appeal of vocational education, and to offer “21st century learning” opportunities.
Services include:
1. Entrepreneurship support for current and aspiring entrepreneurs, primarily in arts and crafts or the service sectors.
2. Work-based/on-the-job learning programmes
3. Innovation and piloting of new teaching methods in the context of vocational education, g, e.g. gamification, mobile learning, entrepreneurial teaching methods
4. Teacher and school leader professional development for K-12 and vocational sectors

Pri tem projektu mladi inštruirajo svoje vrstnike v sekundarnem izobraževanju, stare od 11 do 18 let, pri katerih obstaja tveganje osipa. Inštruktorji so sami zgodaj opustili šolanje in imajo podobno ozadje. So kredibilni, težave pa lahko odkrijejo zgodaj in preprečijo njihovo stopnjevanje. Ta projekt jih spodbuja in jim pomaga, da dosežejo kvalifikacijo in se pozneje tudi zaposlijo.

The Joaquim Ruyra Elementary School is located in a disadvantaged suburban district of Barcelona. In the 2016-2017 school year, 92% students were immigrants representing 28 different nationalities (including Pakistan, Morocco, Georgia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Peru, the Philippines, China, Bangladesh, Senegal, and the USA) or from minority background (Romani). The school has a 40% mobility rate.  

National and international press have referred to the school as the miracle school as it had achieved academic outcomes above the average in the Catalan standardised tests, outperforming elite schools in the Catalonia region.

All classes in the school feature group work 40% to 60% of the time. The groups mix students of different abilities, genders and nationalities.  The small groups are designed to ensure that no one is left out, and students are encouraged to participate actively.  Each group is facilitated by an adult (e.g. a classroom assistants, a parent).  Psychologists and special education teachers may also work in the classrooms, and they support volunteer parents, teachers and the students.  The extra support and student interaction are considered as essential for supporting and reinforcing children’s learning. 

Nedvomno je v številnih primerih izostajanja od pouka in zgodnje opustitve šolanja potrebno zdravstveno, psihološko, socialno, izobraževalno in pravno posredovanje, vendar raziskave tudi jasno kažejo, da imajo lahko v vseh primerih odločilen vpliv šole in učitelji. Ta dokument vsebuje kontrolni seznam za samoocenjevanje šol, 59 podrobnih priporočil za izboljšanje prisotnosti pri pouku, sodelovanja učencev in šolske kulture, pa tudi predloge dogovorov o vedenju ter primere vprašalnikov za učitelje in starše. Priporočeni ukrepi so usmerjeni zlasti v ciljno skupino učiteljev, ravnateljev in staršev. Dokument je prevod priročnika, ki so ga pripravili Erna Nairz-Wirth, Klaus Feldmann in Barbara Diexer (2012): Handlungsempfehlungen für Lehrende, Schulleitung und Eltern zur erfolgreichen Prävention von Schulabsentismus und Schulabbruch.

LERI je raziskovalni projekt za kvalitativne ukrepe v okviru večletnega programa agencije FRA za Rome. Razvit je bil v odziv na sporočilo Evropske komisije o okviru EU za nacionalne strategije vključevanja Romov do leta 2020. Združuje lokalne organe in prebivalce, zlasti Rome, da bi proučili, kako jih najbolje vključiti v ukrepe za vključevanje Romov, in ugotovili, kateri vidiki teh ukrepov delujejo in kateri ne ter zakaj. Cilj projekta je olajšati vključevanje vseh lokalnih deležnikov, vključno z Romi, v skupna prizadevanja za omogočanje vključitve Romov. Izkušnje in spoznanja, pridobljena med procesom, bodo pripomogli k izboljšanju zasnove, izvajanja in spremljanja politik in ukrepov za vključevanje Romov na lokalni ravni.